Transformation and Change in Australia

There is a certain nationwide pride in the recreational potentials of the Australian environment than any other environment in the world. Australia presents itself to the world as a country with perfect cultures of leisure and struggle. Cultural historians assert that the current Australian cultures resulted from a set of different colonies, cultures, and inhabitants (Jalland, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transformation and Change in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper focuses on transformation and change in Australia between the years 1850 and 1945.  In Australia, a bush refers to a scarcely populated region with or without vegetation cover. Cultural historians believe that in the 19th century the term bush referred to any area outside the urban regions (Ferber Healy, 2002). Bush culture is a famous icon in the country’s lives and features. The culture is symbolised in Austr alian literatures, paintings, music, and films. When the first immigrants arrived in Australia, they found that the country’s bush was exceptional compared to other landscapes in Europe. As such, the bush was considered a basis of national ideals fostering a sense of patriotism. Between the years 1850 and 1890, the residents came up with several folklores about Australian bush. During this period, bush ranging was a favoured way of living among the early immigrants. The outlawed act resulted from limited supplies among the early settlers. Although several bushrangers were very popular, some of them were violent and more often attacked the gold miners and transporters. In the year 1853, native troops were employed to protect the gold miners and transporters against the bushrangers. The fame of these bushrangers has been celebrated in the bush songs and myths. On the gold mines of the years 1854 and 1855, the miners were commemorated in tales and songs as brave men who enhanced democracy. The suburbanization of Sydney and Melbourne began in the mid 19th century. In the year 1870, the expansion of the suburban settlement had absorbed the bulk of a rapid and sustained growth of the colonial population (Ferber Healy, 2002). Melbourne city increased from 268,000 individuals in the 1870 to 473,000 individuals in the 1880s. In Sydney, the population grew from 38,949 in the year 1861 to 369,721 in the year 1901 (Metusela Waitt, 2012). The attractiveness of suburbs was a persistent social force in Australia. As such, there was an abundance of land for urban expansion. Infrastructure expanded rapidly after the 1870s. With the expansion of infrastructures, communication between settlements became easier.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This increased a sense of national identity among the settlers. Before the end of the 19th century, six colonies had vowed t o unite and work together.  During the early years of urbanization, immigrants perceived the expansions of towns as a potentially alienating and de-humanizing force. These attitudes were reinforced by the mythology and symbolism of the bush culture. During the World War I, one journalist described Australian soldiers as city-bred individuals who were Bushmen in their values, virtues, and vices. This description was right because at the start of the 20th century, city lives for most urban Australians retained strong negative associations (Metusela Waitt, 2012). Notably, the city life was seen as a trap to most city dwellers. On the other hand, the bush life was forbidding alternative. The city became a practical necessity, while the bush became an idealized dream. Because of this, the suburb became a marvellous compromise. In the suburb, Australians could retain their rural associations and natural symbols. With the ownership of houses and land, families’ social and economi c statuses improved. Since the infancy of suburbia in Australia in the 1850s, there has been continuity in the attitudes, values, and motives underlying suburbanization (Metusela Waitt, 2012).  When the settlers arrived in Australia in the 19th century, they found little use of the beaches. Notably, the beaches were infertile and uninhabited. During the late 19th century, it was illegal to swim in the beach water during the daytime (Booth, 2001). As the population in Sydney, Melbourne, and other towns expanded, the river waters around these cities became less enticing. Consequently, the ocean beaches, with their breezes and distance from the smelly, polluted river and harbour waters, acted as alternative places of recreation. During the end of the 19th century, there was a reduction in working hours resulting in more time for the relaxation (Ferber Healy, 2002). As the popularity of the beaches increased, private lands around the beaches were resumed to make the areas public rec reational facilities. Thus, more people visited the ocean beaches in large numbers, and some of them settled closer to these recreational centres. During the World War I, beaches in Australia fostered patriotic feelings among the residents and served as tourism attraction sites. During the mid 20th century, more Australians had become obsessed with the beaches (Huntsman, 2001). Beaches cultures were compiled in literature, cinema, photography, painting, theatre, and television dramas.  In conclusion, it is remarkable for Australians to note that their cultures resulted from a set of different colonies, cultures, and inhabitants. As such, during the 19th century the bush was the subject of popular culture production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transformation and Change in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the urbanisation during the late 19th century, city culture replaced the bush culture. D uring the early 20th century, the beach culture emerged in Australia and replaced the city culture. Ever since then, the beach culture has replaced the bush culture and the urban culture as an image of the Australian way of life References Booth, D. (2001). Australian beach cultures: the history of sun, sand, and surf. London: F. Cass. Ferber, S., Healy, C. (2002). Beasts of suburbia: reinterpreting cultures in Australian suburbs . Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press ;. Huntsman, L. (2001). Sand in our souls: the beach in Australian history. Carlton South, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne University Press. Jalland, P. (2002). Australian ways of death a social and cultural history, 1840-1918. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Metusela, C., Waitt, G. (2012). Tourism and Australian beach cultures: revealing bodies . Bristol: Channel View Publications. This essay on Transformation and Change in Australia was written and submitted by user Ellen Sharpe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Sub The Civil War In Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a high rate of in-fighting within the different countries. The existence of different ethnic groups causes conflicts. The groups usually fight for control and power since the leaders tend to favor their ethnic tribes over the others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sub-Saharan Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This happened in Ivory Coast, when people who were supporting the incumbent president Gbagbo fought against those supporting the opposition leader Ouattara, who won the elections. The same also happened in Kenya where the incumbent president Mwai Kibaki, refused to give up power in an election marred with numerous electoral irregularities acknowledged by the electoral commission. This led to post election violence that led to the death of more than one thousand people. Sierra Leon has been in the Civil War since 1991 while the Congo has been in the Civil War s ince 1994 during the Rwanda genocide. Political Turmoil Electoral irregularities are rampant in sub-Saharan Africa, which lead to political turmoil. This is because the incumbent leaders do not accept defeat. Hence, they refuse to give up power and force coalitions with their opponents as in the case of Kenya and Zimbabwe. In Kenya, cases of rigging, voter bribery and election violence marred the electoral process. The electoral commission of Kenya favored the incumbent president Mwai Kibaki and declared him the winner amidst protests. The commission also acknowledged the irregularities; this led post-election violence due to discontentment among voters. After negotiations, the opposition leader Raila Odinga agreed to form a coalition government with Kibaki.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A similar case occurred in Zimbabwe that forced Morgan Tsvangirai to form a coalition with the President Robert Mugabe after the closely contested election. In Ivory Coast, during the 2010 elections, the incumbent president Gbagbo refused to give up power leading to violence between supporters of the two groups. Corruption The oil exploitation in Nigeria happens to benefit only the drilling companies and the political leaders. It does not benefit the local communities due to unequal distribution of wealth, promoted by the high levels of corruption among the oil companies and politicians. In Kenya, the sitting president tends to favor his or her community when it comes to government appointments and project development. In Sierra Leone, the Revolutionary united front as accused the government on numerous occasions for mismanagement of funds that have since plunged the country into poverty despite the presence of diamond deposits. The President of Zimbabwe, Mugabe, took land forcefully from the minority white settlers and distributed them among his African cronies. Tho se given lands could not match the previous agricultural production capacities by the whites thus making the country unable to sustain itself. Food crisis Most of the countries faced with the food crisis in sub-Saharan Africa are on the horn of Africa that is Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia. This is due to severe drought experience in the region that does not favor agriculture. The countries are totally dependent on agriculture thus worsening the food crisis when there is a drought. There is a lack of appropriate measure to curb the food crisis; this is due to the lack of enough funds at the regional level to come up with projects to improve the level of food production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sub-Saharan Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Instability in the region caused by the presence of the militia group in Somalia known as Alshabab also promotes food shortage by preventing aid from reaching the people . The governments of the countries in the region also fail to act on predictions of such a calamity.

Direct Manipulation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Direct Manipulation - Assignment Example This involves the continuous representation of given subjects and objects in addition to the rapid, incremental and reversible actions and their subsequent feedback. As a single characteristic, in reference to a class of various interaction styles, direct manipulation entails the direct mapping, between the semantic and syntactic level of dialogue/ interaction. The three core principles are found in direct manipulation. These include: - the end result of a systematic replacement of complex computer command-language syntax with the direct and visual manipulation of the object(s) under focus; the continuous representation of actions and objects of interest in relation to meaningful visual imagery; which is followed by the presence of rapid, reversible incremental actions, immediately visible in the objects or actions of interest. In the context of video game application, the first indicated principle is achieved through physical actions (button presses), rather than the use of typed commands (Shneiderman & Plaisant, 2010). Through varying gaming pads, the other two principles are achieved best in a 3D dimension, where the objects and actions fit into role-playing games. Users are able to control virtual avatars, with the keypad buttons enabling the change of movement, scenery, actions and interactions in the virtual worlds present. Video gaming interfaces are unique in nature, with the aspect of 3D enabling greater contrast, between the virtual and real (physical) worlds. The user, interacting with the present operating system (hardware and software), is able to manipulate directly, existing objects to perform specific actions. Such systems enable the reversal of such actions, in addition to the creation of virtual reality unimaginable in the existing physical world. This entails the direct interaction between the user, and the objects/ actions, thereby enhancing